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In this study, Dense Optical Flow (DOF) was applied to videos of tundish and mold water models to reconstruct 2D velocity fields and flow structures. Two bench tests (air bubbles; salt tracer) show that DOF yields quantitative maps suitable for analysis. Compared with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), DOF provides comparable trends at much lower cost than Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), enabling rapid datasets for digital twins.
Keywords: Dense optical flow, fluid dynamics, computer vision, computational fluid dynamics, continuous casting© This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.