EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME ON THE WEIGH LOSS AND PHASES DURING CARBOTHERMIC REDUCTION OF BASIC MANGANESE ORE IN PRESENCE OF PKS HYDROGEN

1 WA KALENGA Michel Kalenga
Co-authors:
DK NYEMBWE GI KAYOMBO
Institution:
1 University of Johannesburg
Conference:
35th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, OREA Congress Hotel Brno, Czech Republic, EU, May 5 - 7, 2026
Proceedings:
Proceedings 35th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials
ISBN:
978-80-88365-32-7
ISSN:
2694-9296
Licence:
CC BY 4.0
Metrics:
2 views
Abstract

Carbon emission has been at the center for searching alternative solutions to combat the carbon footprint in the last years. The pyrometallurgical industry is a major contributor, this has opened a way for carbothermic reduction innovation. Different biochars have been tested for different pyrometallurgic processes. The current project dealt with the carbothermic reduction of basic manganese ore using Palm Kernel Shell biochar (PKS) in presence of hydrogen. The head samples and products have been characterized using XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS. The weight loss was recorded during experiments against temperature and time. Results have shown that addition up to 30% biochar excess led to a considerable low reduction extent. The manganese reduction rate of MnO was affected not only by the reducing agents but also the biochar content and temperature as well while the sample reduced in absence of hydrogen and excess biochar content showed the slowest reduction rate while the reduction in hydrogen presence and biochar was the fastest. The addition of hydrogen in the reductions using biochar improved the rate of reduction and increasing the temperature also showed a positive impact. The SEM micrographs confirmed the formation a metallic phase for the reductions with biochar.

Keywords: Pyrometallurgy, Biochar, weigh loss, phases compositions

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